Underworld(阴司):

The Underworld (also known as the netherworld, the realm of darkness, and other names) is a concept in traditional Chinese culture and religious beliefs, representing the world that souls enter after death. The concept of the Underworld is reflected in ancient Chinese culture, Taoism, Buddhism, and folk beliefs, but specific descriptions and understandings vary.

**Origin and Development of the Underworld**

The notion of the Underworld originates from ancient Chinese interpretations of life, death, and the soul. Descriptions of the soul and the afterlife date back to the pre-Qin period. Over time, these ideas became systematized and integrated into the doctrines of Taoism and Buddhism.

**Structure of the Underworld**

The Underworld is typically depicted as an organized, hierarchical world, similar to the bureaucratic systems of the human world. It is ruled by the King of Hell, who is the supreme Immortal governing the realm. Additionally, there are numerous ghosts, judges, and other spiritual officials responsible for managing and adjudicating the souls of the deceased.

**Function of the Underworld**

The primary function of the Underworld is to judge and assign the souls of the deceased. Based on their actions in life, souls may be sent to different places:

– Hell: For punishing those who committed many evils in life, featuring various forms of cruel torture.

– Ghost Realm: A general residence for spirits, allowing them to continue their existence.

– Rebirth: If a soul passes judgment, it can undergo reincarnation and reenter the cycle of life and death.

**Impact of the Underworld**

The concept of the Underworld has had a profound impact on Chinese culture, reflecting ancient thoughts on life, death, morality, and retribution. This notion is evident not only in religious ceremonies and funeral customs but also influences literature, art, and folk stories. Works such as “Journey to the West” and “Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio” include depictions of the Underworld.